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Category
Perennials
Water Requirements
Average Water Needs; Water regularly; do not overwater
Sun Exposure
Full Sun
Sun to Partial Shade
Foliage
Herbaceous
Foliage Color
Height
12-18 in. (30-45 cm)
18-24 in. (45-60 cm)
Spacing
3-6 in. (7-15 cm)
6-9 in. (15-22 cm)
Hardiness
USDA Zone 3b: to -37.2 °C (-35 °F)
USDA Zone 4a: to -34.4 °C (-30 °F)
USDA Zone 4b: to -31.6 °C (-25 °F)
USDA Zone 5a: to -28.8 °C (-20 °F)
USDA Zone 5b: to -26.1 °C (-15 °F)
USDA Zone 6a: to -23.3 °C (-10 °F)
USDA Zone 6b: to -20.5 °C (-5 °F)
USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F)
USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F)
USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F)
USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F)
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Where to Grow
Danger
Bloom Color
Bright Yellow
Bloom Characteristics
This plant is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds
Bloom Size
Bloom Time
Late Spring/Early Summer
Mid Summer
Late Summer/Early Fall
Other details
May be a noxious weed or invasive
Soil pH requirements
5.6 to 6.0 (acidic)
6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic)
6.6 to 7.5 (neutral)
7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)
Patent Information
Propagation Methods
From seed; direct sow outdoors in fall
From seed; winter sow in vented containers, coldframe or unheated greenhouse
From seed; direct sow after last frost
Self-sows freely; deadhead if you do not want volunteer seedlings next season
Seed Collecting
Bag seedheads to capture ripening seed
Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds
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